中华人民共和国侵权责任法

Tort Liability Law of the People’s Republic of China

 

 

(第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议于二零零九年十二月二十六日通过，自二零一零年七月一日起施行。)

 

(Adopted at the 12th Session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress on December 26 2009 and effective as of July 1 2010.)

 

 

 

中华人民共和国主席令 (十一届第21号)

 

PRC President’s Order (No.21 of the 11th NPC)

 

 

 

第一章 一般规定

 

Part One: General provisions

 

 

 

第一条 为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。

 

Article 1:This Law has been formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of civil subjects, clarify liability for torts, prevent and sanction tortious acts and promote social harmony and stability.

 

 

 

第二条 侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。

 

Article 2:When civil rights and interests are infringed, tort liability shall be borne in accordance herewith.

 

本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。

 

For the purposes of this Law, civil rights and interests include the right to life, right to health, right to one’s name, right to one’s reputation, right to one’s honour, right to one’s image, right to privacy, right to marry as one wishes, guardianship rights, ownership rights, usufructuary rights, security interests, copyrights, patent rights, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discoveries, equity interests, right of succession and other such personal and property rights and interests.

 

 

 

第三条 被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。

 

Article 3:An injured person has the right to demand that the tortfeasor bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第四条 侵权人因同一行为应当承担行政责任或者刑事责任的，不影响依法承担侵权责任。

 

Article 4:If a tortfeasor is required to bear administrative liability or criminal liability for an act, the same shall not affect his/her/its bearing tort liability for one and the same act in accordance with the law.

 

因同一行为应当承担侵权责任和行政责任、刑事责任，侵权人的财产不足以支付的，先承担侵权责任。

 

If a tortfeasor is required to bear both tort liability and administrative liability or criminal liability for one and the same act and his/her/its property is insufficient to make payment, he/she/it shall first bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第五条 其他法律对侵权责任另有特别规定的，依照其规定。

 

Article 5:If other laws contain special provisions on tort liability, such provisions shall apply.

 

 

 

第二章 责任构成和责任方式

 

Part Two: Constitution of, and means of bearing, liability

 

 

 

第六条 行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 6:If an actor, through his/her/its own fault, infringes upon the civil rights or interests of another, he/she/it shall bear tort liability.

 

根据法律规定推定行为人有过错，行为人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

If, pursuant to the law, an actor is presumed to be at fault and he/she/it is unable to show that he/she/it was not at fault, he/she/it shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第七条 行为人损害他人民事权益，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。

 

Article 7:If an actor prejudices the civil rights or interests of another and laws provide that he/she/it is required to bear tort liability, such provisions shall apply regardless of whether or not he/she/it was at fault.

 

 

 

第八条 二人以上共同实施侵权行为，造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。

 

Article 8:If two or more persons jointly commit a tortious act, thereby causing injury to another, they shall bear joint and several liability.

 

 

 

第九条 教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的，应当与行为人承担连带责任。

 

Article 9:If someone abets another to commit or assists another in committing a tortious act, he/she shall bear joint and several liability with the actor.

 

教唆、帮助无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的，应当承担侵权责任；该无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人未尽到监护责任的，应当承担相应的责任。

 

If someone abets a person with no or limited civil capacity to commit or assists a person with no or limited civil capacity in committing a tortious act, he/she shall bear tort liability. If the guardian of the person with no or limited civil capacity failed to fulfil his/her guardianship duties, he/she shall bear the corresponding liability.

 

 

 

第十条 二人以上实施危及他人人身、财产安全的行为，其中一人或者数人的行为造成他人损害，能够确定具体侵权人的，由侵权人承担责任；不能确定具体侵权人的，行为人承担连带责任。

 

Article 10:If two or more persons commit an act that jeopardises the safety of another or the safety of the property of another and the act(s) of one or more of them cause(s) injury to another and the specific tortfeasor(s) can be determined, the tortfeasor(s) shall bear the liability. If the specific tortfeasor(s) cannot be determined, the actors shall bear joint and several liability.

 

 

 

第十一条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。

 

Article 11:If two or more persons each commits a separate tortious act that results in one and the same injury, and if the tortious act of each person would in and of itself have been sufficient to cause all of the injury, the actors shall bear joint and several liability.

 

 

 

第十二条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 12:If two or more persons each commits a separate tortious act that results in one and the same injury and the extent of each person’s liability can be determined, each of them shall bear the corresponding liability. If the extent of each person’s liability is impossible to determine, they shall each be liable for damages equally.

 

 

 

第十三条 法律规定承担连带责任的，被侵权人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。

 

Article 13:If laws provide for the bearing of joint and several liability, the injured person shall have the right to demand that some or all of the jointly and severally liable persons bear liability.

 

 

 

第十四条 连带责任人根据各自责任大小确定相应的赔偿数额；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 14:The jointly and severally liable persons shall determine their respective measures of damages in proportion to the extent of each person’s liability. If the extent of each person’s liability is impossible to determine, they shall each be liable for damages equally.

 

支付超出自己赔偿数额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。

 

A jointly and severally liable person who pays more than the amount of damages payable by him/her/it shall have the right to recover the same from the other jointly and severally liable persons.

 

 

 

第十五条 承担侵权责任的方式主要有：

 

Article 15:The principal means of bearing tort liability are set forth below:

 

（一）停止侵害；

 

(1) cessation of the tort;

 

（二）排除妨碍；

 

(2) elimination of the obstruction;

 

（三）消除危险；

 

(3) eradication of the danger;

 

（四）返还财产；

 

(4) return of the property;

 

（五）恢复原状；

 

(5) restoration to the original state;

 

（六）赔偿损失；

 

(6) indemnification of the loss;

 

（七）赔礼道歉；

 

(7) apologising; and/or

 

（八）消除影响、恢复名誉。

 

(8) elimination of the effect and restoration of reputation.

 

以上承担侵权责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。

 

The aforementioned means of bearing tort liability may be applied singly or in combination.

 

 

 

第十六条 侵害他人造成人身损害的，应当赔偿医疗费、护理费、交通费等为治疗和康复支出的合理费用，以及因误工减少的收入。造成残疾的，还应当赔偿残疾生活辅助具费和残疾赔偿金。造成死亡的，还应当赔偿丧葬费和死亡赔偿金。

 

Article 16:When a tort committed against another results in physical injury, indemnification shall be given for reasonable expenses paid in treatment and recovery such as medical expenses, nursing care expenses and travel expenses, and the reduction in income arising due to absence from work. If a permanent disability is caused, the expenses for disability aids shall additionally be indemnified and disability compensation additionally paid. If death is caused, the funeral expenses shall additionally be indemnified and death compensation additionally paid.

 

 

 

第十七条 因同一侵权行为造成多人死亡的，可以以相同数额确定死亡赔偿金。

 

Article 17:If one tortious act results in the death of more than one person, an identical amount of death compensation may be determined for each victim.

 

 

 

第十八条 被侵权人死亡的，其近亲属有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。被侵权人为单位，该单位分立、合并的，承继权利的单位有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。

 

Article 18:If an injured person dies, his/her close relatives shall have the right to demand that the tortfeasor bear tort liability. If the injured person is an entity, and such entity is divided or merged, the entity that succeeds to its rights shall have the right to demand that the tortfeasor bear tort liability.

 

被侵权人死亡的，支付被侵权人医疗费、丧葬费等合理费用的人有权请求侵权人赔偿费用，但侵权人已支付该费用的除外。

 

When an injured person dies, the person who paid the injured person’s reasonable expenses, such as medical expenses and funeral expenses shall have the right to demand that the tortfeasor indemnify such expenses, unless the tortfeasor has already paid such expenses.

 

 

 

第十九条 侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照损失发生时的市场价格或者其他方式计算。

 

Article 19:If a tort is committed against the property of another, the loss of the property shall be calculated based on the market value thereof at the time the loss occurred or by other means.

 

 

 

第二十条 侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的，按照被侵权人因此受到的损失赔偿；被侵权人的损失难以确定，侵权人因此获得利益的，按照其获得的利益赔偿；侵权人因此获得的利益难以确定，被侵权人和侵权人就赔偿数额协商不一致，向人民法院提起诉讼的，由人民法院根据实际情况确定赔偿数额。

 

Article 20:If a tort committed against the personal rights and interests of another results in a property loss, indemnification shall be paid in line with the loss incurred by the injured person. If the loss incurred by the injured person is impossible to determine, but the tortfeasor derived a benefit from the tort, indemnification shall be paid in line with the benefit so derived. If the benefit derived by the tortfeasor is impossible to determine, the injured person and the tortfeasor fail to reach a consensus on the measure of damages after consultations and a legal action is instituted in a people’s court, the people’s court shall determine the measure of damages based on the actual circumstances.

 

 

 

第二十一条 侵权行为危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人可以请求侵权人承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。

 

Article 21:If a tortious act threatens the safety of another or the safety of the property of another, the injured person may demand that the tortfeasor bear tort liability by ceasing the tortious act, eliminating the obstruction, eradicating the danger, etc.

 

 

 

第二十二条 侵害他人人身权益，造成他人严重精神损害的，被侵权人可以请求精神损害赔偿。

 

Article 22:If a tort committed against the personal rights and interests of another results in serious emotional distress, the injured person may demand indemnification for emotional distress.

 

 

 

第二十三条 因防止、制止他人民事权益被侵害而使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担责任。侵权人逃逸或者无力承担责任，被侵权人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。

 

Article 23:If a person suffers injury in attempting to prevent or halt a tort committed against the civil rights or interests of another, the tortfeasor shall bear liability therefor. If the tortfeasor absconds or lacks the capacity to bear such liability, and the injured person demands compensation, the beneficiary shall give him/her/it appropriate compensation.

 

 

 

第二十四条 受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由双方分担损失。

 

Article 24:If neither the victim nor the actor was at fault in the occurrence of an injury, the loss may be shared by the parties based on the actual circumstances.

 

 

 

第二十五条 损害发生后，当事人可以协商赔偿费用的支付方式。协商不一致的，赔偿费用应当一次性支付；一次性支付确有困难的，可以分期支付，但应当提供相应的担保。

 

Article 25:After an injury has occurred, the parties may hold consultations on the method of payment of the indemnification. If they fail to reach a consensus, the indemnification shall be paid in one lump sum. If payment in one lump sum presents genuine difficulties, the indemnification may be paid in instalments, provided, however, that corresponding security is provided.

 

 

 

第三章 不承担责任和减轻责任的情形

 

Part Three: Exculpatory and mitigating circumstances

 

 

 

第二十六条 被侵权人对损害的发生也有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。

 

Article 26:If the injured person was also at fault in the occurrence of the injury, the liability of the tortfeasor may be reduced.

 

 

 

第二十七条 损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。

 

Article 27:If injury is caused by a willful act of the victim, the actor shall not be liable.

 

 

 

第二十八条 损害是因第三人造成的，第三人应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 28:If injury is caused by a third party, the third party shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第二十九条 因不可抗力造成他人损害的，不承担责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。

 

Article 29:If another is injured due to the occurrence of an event of force majeure, no liability shall be borne, unless otherwise provided in law, in which case such provisions shall apply.

 

 

 

第三十条 因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的责任。

 

Article 30:If injury is caused by an act of legitimate self defence, no liability shall be borne. However, if the act of legitimate self defence exceeds the necessary extent, resulting in unwarranted injury, the person who exercised such legitimate self defence shall bear the appropriate liability.

 

 

 

第三十一条 因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担责任。如果危险是由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担责任或者给予适当补偿。紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的责任。

 

Article 31:If injury is caused by an emergency escape from danger, the person who caused the danger shall be liable. If the danger arose due to natural causes, the person who made the emergency escape from danger shall not be liable or shall provide appropriate compensation. If inappropriate measures were taken during the emergency escape from danger or if they exceeded the necessary extent, causing unwarranted injury, the person who made the emergency escape from danger shall bear the appropriate liability.

 

 

 

第四章 关于责任主体的特殊规定

 

Part Four: Special provisions on liable subjects

 

 

 

第三十二条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担侵权责任。监护人尽到监护责任的，可以减轻其侵权责任。

 

Article 32:If a person with no or limited civil capacity causes injury to another, his/her guardian shall bear tort liability. If the guardian fulfilled his/her guardianship duties, his/her tort liability may be reduced.

 

有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用。不足部分，由监护人赔偿。

 

If a person with no or limited civil capacity who has property causes injury to another, the indemnification shall be paid from his/her property and any shortfall shall be paid by his/her guardian.

 

 

 

第三十三条 完全民事行为能力人对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害有过错的，应当承担侵权责任；没有过错的，根据行为人的经济状况对受害人适当补偿。

 

Article 33:If a person with full civil capacity causes injury to another during a temporary episode of unawareness of his/her own actions or loss of control, he/she shall bear tort liability if he/she was at fault. If he/she was not at fault, he/she shall, based on his/her economic situation, pay appropriate compensation to the victim.

 

完全民事行为能力人因醉酒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

If a person with full civil capacity causes injury to another during a temporary episode of unawareness of his/her actions or loss of control due to inebriation or abuse of a narcotic or psychotropic drug, he/she shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第三十四条 用人单位的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由用人单位承担侵权责任。

 

Article 34:If a worker causes injury to another due to performance of his/her work duties, his/her employer shall bear tort liability.

 

劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务派遣的用工单位承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的补充责任。

 

If, during his/her placement term, a worker placed by a temp agency causes injury to another due to performance of his/her work duties, the entity with whom he/she was placed shall bear tort liability. The temp agency shall bear the corresponding supplementary liability if it too was at fault.

 

 

 

第三十五条 个人之间形成劳务关系，提供劳务一方因劳务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务一方承担侵权责任。提供劳务一方因劳务自己受到损害的，根据双方各自的过错承担相应的责任。

 

Article 35:In a service relationship arising between individuals, if the party providing the service causes injury to another due to provision of the service, the recipient of the service shall bear tort liability. If the party providing the service himself/herself suffers injury due to provision of the service, each party shall bear liability corresponding to the extent of his/her fault.

 

 

 

第三十六条 网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 36:If a network subscriber or network service provider uses the network to commit a tort against the civil rights or interests of another, he/she/it shall bear tort liability.

 

网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，被侵权人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。网络服务提供者接到通知后未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。

 

Where a network subscriber uses the network services to commit a tortious act, the injured person shall have the right to notify the network service provider to take necessary measures such as deletion, blocking and severance of the link. If the network service provider fails to take the necessary measures in a timely manner after receipt of the notice, it shall bear joint and several liability with the network subscriber for the additional injury caused.

 

网络服务提供者知道网络用户利用其网络服务侵害他人民事权益，未采取必要措施的，与该网络用户承担连带责任。

 

If a network service provider is aware that a network subscriber is using its network services to commit a tort against the civil rights or interests of another and fails to take the necessary measures, it shall bear joint and several liability with the network subscriber.

 

 

 

第三十七条 宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所的管理人或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 37:If the manager of premises used by the public, such as a hotel, shopping mall, bank, bus or train station, or place of entertainment, or the organiser of a mass activity fails to fulfil his/her/its obligation of ensuring safety, resulting in injury to another, he/she/it shall bear tort liability.

 

因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；管理人或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。

 

If an act committed by a third party causes injury to another, the third party shall bear tort liability; if the manager or organiser failed to fulfil his/her/its obligation of ensuring safety, he/she/it shall bear the corresponding supplementary liability.

 

 

 

第三十八条 无民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构应当承担责任，但能够证明尽到教育、管理职责的，不承担责任。

 

Article 38:If a person with no civil capacity sustains a physical injury while studying or living at a kindergarten, school or other educational institution, the kindergarten, school or other educational institution shall be liable, unless it is able to show that it fulfilled its educational and management duties, in which case it shall not be liable.

 

 

 

第三十九条 限制民事行为能力人在学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害，学校或者其他教育机构未尽到教育、管理职责的，应当承担责任。

 

Article 39:If a person with limited civil capacity sustains a physical injury while studying or living at a school or other educational institution, the school or other educational institution shall be liable if it failed to fulfil its educational and management duties.

 

 

 

第四十条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间，受到幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构以外的人员人身损害的，由侵权人承担侵权责任；幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构未尽到管理职责的，承担相应的补充责任。

 

Article 40:If a person with no or limited civil capacity, while studying or living at a kindergarten, school or other educational institution, sustains a physical injury caused by a person other than the personnel of the kindergarten, school or other educational institution, the tortfeasor shall bear tort liability. If the kindergarten, school or other educational institution failed to fulfil its management duties, it shall bear the corresponding supplementary liability.

 

 

 

第五章 产品责任

 

Part Five: Product liability

 

 

 

第四十一条 因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，生产者应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 41:If injury is caused to another due to a defect in a product, the producer shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第四十二条 因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 42:If injury is caused to another due to a product defect that developed as a result of the fault of the seller, the seller shall bear tort liability.

 

销售者不能指明缺陷产品的生产者也不能指明缺陷产品的供货者的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。

 

If the seller is unable to name the producer or supplier of the defective product, the seller shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第四十三条 因产品存在缺陷造成损害的，被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。

 

Article 43:When injury is caused due to a defect in a product, the injured person may demand indemnification from the producer of the product, or from the seller of the product.

 

产品缺陷由生产者造成的，销售者赔偿后，有权向生产者追偿。

 

If the defect in the product was caused by the producer, the seller shall have the right, after paying indemnification, to recover the same from the producer.

 

因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷的，生产者赔偿后，有权向销售者追偿。

 

If the defect in the product developed due to the fault of the seller, the producer shall have the right, after paying indemnification, to recover the same from the seller.

 

 

 

第四十四条 因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。

 

Article 44:If a defect that develops in a product due to the fault of the carrier, warehouser or other such third party causes injury to another, the producer or seller shall have the right, after paying indemnification, to recover the same from the third party.

 

 

 

第四十五条 因产品缺陷危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求生产者、销售者承担排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。

 

Article 45:If a defect in a product jeopardises the safety of another or the safety of the property of another, the injured person shall have the right to demand that the producer or seller bear tort liability by eliminating the obstruction, eradicating the danger, etc.

 

 

 

第四十六条 产品投入流通后发现存在缺陷的，生产者、销售者应当及时采取警示、召回等补救措施。未及时采取补救措施或者补救措施不力造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 46:If, after being placed on the market, a product is found to contain a defect, the producer or seller shall take remedial action in a timely manner such as issuing a warning or recalling the product. If injury is caused due to a failure to take remedial action in a timely manner or due to ineffective implementation of such action, the producer or seller shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第四十七条 明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。

 

Article 47:If a producer or seller has clear knowledge that a product contains a defect but nonetheless continues to produce or sell the same, resulting in the death of another or serious harm to the health of another, the injured person shall have the right to demand commensurate punitive damages.

 

 

 

第六章 机动车交通事故责任

 

Part Six: Liability arising from motor vehicle traffic accidents

 

 

 

第四十八条 机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，依照道路交通安全法的有关规定承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 48:If a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident that causes injury to another, damages shall be borne in accordance with relevant provisions of the Road Traffic Safety Law.

 

 

 

第四十九条 因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。

 

Article 49:If, due to leasing, borrowing or other such circumstance, the owner and user of a motor vehicle are different persons and after the occurrence of a traffic accident the party with the motor vehicle is determined to be responsible therefor, the indemnity shall be paid by the insurance company up to the liability limit of the mandatory vehicle insurance. The user of the motor vehicle shall be liable for indemnification of any shortfall. If the owner of the motor vehicle was also at fault in the occurrence of the injury, he/she shall bear the corresponding liability for damages.

 

 

 

第五十条 当事人之间已经以买卖等方式转让并交付机动车但未办理所有权转移登记，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由受让人承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 50:If a motor vehicle has been transferred and delivered between parties by virtue of a sale, etc. and while registration of the transfer of ownership remains outstanding a traffic accident occurs following which the party with the motor vehicle is determined to be responsible therefor, the indemnity shall be paid by the insurance company up to the liability limit of the mandatory vehicle insurance. The transferee shall be liable for indemnification of any shortfall.

 

 

 

第五十一条 以买卖等方式转让拼装或者已达到报废标准的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害的，由转让人和受让人承担连带责任。

 

Article 51:If an assembled motor vehicle or one that has reached the waste vehicle threshold is transferred by way of a sale, etc. and such vehicle is involved in a traffic accident that causes injury, the transferor and transferee shall bear joint and several liability.

 

 

 

第五十二条 盗窃、抢劫或者抢夺的机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人承担赔偿责任。保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢救费用的，有权向交通事故责任人追偿。

 

Article 52:If a motor vehicle that is stolen, carjacked or forcibly taken is involved in a traffic accident that causes injury, the thief, carjacker or taker shall be liable for damages. If the insurance company advances a relief payment up to the liability limit of the mandatory vehicle insurance, it shall have the right to recover the same from the person who was responsible for the accident.

 

 

 

第五十三条 机动车驾驶人发生交通事故后逃逸，该机动车参加强制保险的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；机动车不明或者该机动车未参加强制保险，需要支付被侵权人人身伤亡的抢救、丧葬等费用的，由道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付。道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付后，其管理机构有权向交通事故责任人追偿。

 

Article 53:If the driver of a motor vehicle flees the scene after the occurrence of a traffic accident and the motor vehicle is covered by mandatory insurance, the insurance company shall pay indemnities up to the liability limit of the mandatory vehicle insurance. If the motor vehicle has not been identified or is not covered by mandatory insurance and the expenses of the injured person who has sustained a physical injury or has died, such as emergency treatment expenses or funeral expenses need to be paid, they shall be advanced from the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents. Once the road traffic accident social assistance fund has advanced such expenses, the management organisation of such fund shall have the right to recover the same from the person who was responsible for the accident.

 

 

 

第七章 医疗损害责任

 

Part Seven: Liability for injury resulting from medical treatment

 

 

 

第五十四条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的，由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 54:If a patient suffers injury in the course of diagnosis or treatment and the medical institution and its medical personnel were at fault, the medical institution shall be liable for damages.

 

 

 

第五十五条 医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的，医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况，并取得其书面同意；不宜向患者说明的，应当向患者的近亲属说明，并取得其书面同意。

 

Article 55:Medical personnel shall, in the course of diagnosis or treatment, explain to the patient his/her medical condition and the treatment options. If an operation, special examination or special treatment needs to be carried out, the medical personnel shall explain to the patient the treatment risks, alternative treatments, etc. in a timely manner and obtain his/her written consent. If it would be inadvisable to explain the foregoing to the patient, the same shall be explained to a close relative and the written consent of such close relative shall be obtained.

 

医务人员未尽到前款义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。

 

If a medical worker fails to fulfil the obligations set forth in the preceding paragraph, resulting in the patient suffering injury, the medical institution shall be liable for damages.

 

 

 

第五十六条 因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的，经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准，可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。

 

Article 56:If, in an emergency situation, such as an attempt to save a patient in critical condition, etc., where the opinions of the patient or his/her close relatives cannot be obtained, the relevant medical intervention may, subject to the consent of the person in charge of the medical institution or the authorised responsible person, be immediately carried out.

 

 

 

第五十七条 医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。

 

Article 57:If a medical worker in the course of diagnosis or treatment fails to fulfil his/her diagnosis or treatment obligations to a level commensurate with the state of medicine at the time, causing the patient to suffer injury, the medical institution shall be liable for damages.

 

 

 

第五十八条 患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，推定医疗机构有过错：

 

Article 58:If a patient suffers injury as a result of any of the following circumstances, the medical institution shall be presumed to have been at fault:

 

（一）违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定；

 

(1) it violated a law, administrative regulations, a rule or other provisions on medical protocol;

 

（二）隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料；

 

(2) it conceals or refuses to provide case history materials that are relevant to a dispute; or

 

（三）伪造、篡改或者销毁病历资料。

 

(3) it forges, alters or destroys case history materials.

 

 

 

第五十九条 因药品、消毒药剂、医疗器械的缺陷，或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的，患者可以向生产者或者血液提供机构请求赔偿，也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的，医疗机构赔偿后，有权向负有责任的生产者或者血液提供机构追偿。

 

Article 59:If a patient suffers injury due to a defect in a drug, sterilising agent, medical equipment or medical instrument or a transfusion of tainted blood, the patient may demand indemnification from the producer or the blood provider, or from the medical institution. If the patient demands indemnification from the medical institution, the medical institution shall have the right, after paying such indemnification, to recover the same from the liable producer or blood provider.

 

 

 

第六十条 患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，医疗机构不承担赔偿责任：

 

Article 60:If a patient suffers injury as a result of any of the following circumstances, the medical institution shall not be liable for damages:

 

（一）患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗；

 

(1) the patient or his/her close relatives fail to co-operate with the medical institution in carrying out a diagnosis or treatment that complies with medical protocol;

 

（二）医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务；

 

(2) medical personnel have fulfilled their reasonable diagnostic and/or treatment obligations in an emergency situation, such as an attempt to save a patient in critical condition; or

 

（三）限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗。

 

(3) the patient was difficult to diagnose or treat due to the limits of medical knowledge at the time.

 

前款第一项情形中，医疗机构及其医务人员也有过错的，应当承担相应的赔偿责任。

 

If, in the circumstance set forth in Item (1) of the preceding paragraph, the medical institution and its medical personnel were also at fault, they shall bear the corresponding damages.

 

 

 

第六十一条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当按照规定填写并妥善保管住院志、医嘱单、检验报告、手术及麻醉记录、病理资料、护理记录、医疗费用等病历资料。

 

Article 61:A medical institution and its medical personnel shall write up and duly keep in accordance with regulations case history materials such as admittance logs, physician’s orders, test reports, operation and anesthetisation records, pathological information, nursing records and medical expenses.

 

患者要求查阅、复制前款规定的病历资料的，医疗机构应当提供。

 

If a patient asks to review or photocopy the case history materials specified in the preceding paragraph, the medical institution shall provide the same.

 

 

 

第六十二条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当对患者的隐私保密。泄露患者隐私或者未经患者同意公开其病历资料，造成患者损害的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 62:A medical institution and its medical personnel shall maintain the privacy of their patients. They shall bear tort liability if a patient’s private matters are divulged or his/her case history materials are made public without his/her consent, causing him/her to suffer injury.

 

 

 

第六十三条 医疗机构及其医务人员不得违反诊疗规范实施不必要的检查。

 

Article 63:A medical institution and its medical personnel may not conduct unnecessary examination in breach of medical protocol.

 

 

 

第六十四条 医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益受法律保护。干扰医疗秩序，妨害医务人员工作、生活的，应当依法承担法律责任。

 

Article 64:The lawful rights and interests of medical institutions and their medical personnel are protected by law. If a person upsets the medical order or disrupts the work or life of a medical worker, he/she/it shall bear legal liability in accordance with the law.

 

 

 

第八章 环境污染责任

 

Part Eight: Liability for pollution of the environment

 

 

 

第六十五条 因污染环境造成损害的，污染者应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 65:If injury is caused due to pollution of the environment, the polluter shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第六十六条 因污染环境发生纠纷，污染者应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。

 

Article 66:In a dispute arising due to pollution of the environment, the polluter shall bear the burden of proving the existence of the exculpatory or mitigating circumstances specified in law and the absence of causation between his/her/its act and the injury.

 

 

 

第六十七条 两个以上污染者污染环境，污染者承担责任的大小，根据污染物的种类、排放量等因素确定。

 

Article 67:If two or more polluters have polluted the environment, the extent of their respective liability shall be determined on the basis of factors such as the type of pollutant and the volume discharged.

 

 

 

第六十八条 因第三人的过错污染环境造成损害的，被侵权人可以向污染者请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。污染者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。

 

Article 68:If the environment is polluted due to the fault of a third party, thereby causing injury, the injured person may demand indemnification from the polluter, or from the third party. The polluter shall have the right, after paying the indemnification, to recover the same from the third party.

 

 

 

第九章 高度危险责任

 

Part Nine: Liability arising from high risk circumstances

 

 

 

第六十九条 从事高度危险作业造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。

 

Article 69:If a person engages in a high-risk operation, causing injury to another, he/she shall bear tort liability.

 

 

 

第七十条 民用核设施发生核事故造成他人损害的，民用核设施的经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因战争等情形或者受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。

 

Article 70:If a nuclear accident occurs at a civilian nuclear facility, causing injury to another, the operator of such facility shall bear tort liability, unless such operator is able to show that the injury was caused by war or other such circumstance or by a willful act by the victim, in which case the operator shall not be liable.

 

 

 

第七十一条 民用航空器造成他人损害的，民用航空器的经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。

 

Article 71:If a civilian aircraft causes injury to another, the operator of such aircraft shall bear tort liability, unless such operator is able to show that the injury was caused by a willful act of the victim, in which case the operator shall not be liable.

 

 

 

第七十二条 占有或者使用易燃、易爆、剧毒、放射性等高度危险物造成他人损害的，占有人或者使用人应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻占有人或者使用人的责任。

 

Article 72:If the possession or use of a flammable, explosive, highly toxic, radioactive or other such highly dangerous substance causes injury to another, the possessor or user shall bear tort liability, unless such possessor or user is able to show that the injury was caused by a willful act of the victim or force majeure, in which case the possessor or user shall not be liable. If the injured person was grossly at fault in the occurrence of the injury, the liability of the possessor or user may be reduced.

 

 

 

第七十三条 从事高空、高压、地下挖掘活动或者使用高速轨道运输工具造成他人损害的，经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有过失的，可以减轻经营者的责任。

 

Article 73:If the engagement in an activity high overhead, an activity involving high voltage or an activity involving underground excavation or if the use of a high speed railway-based means of transport results in injury to another, the operator shall bear tort liability, unless such operator is able to show that the injury was caused by a willful act of the victim or force majeure, in which case the operator shall not be liable. If the injured person was at fault in the occurrence of the injury, the liability of the operator may be reduced.

 

 

 

第七十四条 遗失、抛弃高度危险物造成他人损害的，由所有人承担侵权责任。所有人将高度危险物交由他人管理的，由管理人承担侵权责任；所有人有过错的，与管理人承担连带责任。

 

Article 74:If the loss or abandonment of a highly dangerous substance results in injury to another, the owner shall bear tort liability. If the owner had placed the highly dangerous substance under the control of another, the person under whose control the substance was placed shall bear tort liability; if the owner was also at fault, he/she/it shall bear joint and several liability with the person under whose control the substance was placed.

 

 

 

第七十五条 非法占有高度危险物造成他人损害的，由非法占有人承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人不能证明对防止他人非法占有尽到高度注意义务的，与非法占有人承担连带责任。

 

Article 75:If the unlawful possession of a highly dangerous substance results in injury to another, the unlawful possessor shall bear tort liability. If the owner or the person under whose control the substance was placed is unable to show that he/she/it fulfilled his/her duty of extreme care so as to prevent unlawful possession by another, he/she/it shall bear joint and several liability with the unlawful possessor.

 

 

 

第七十六条 未经许可进入高度危险活动区域或者高度危险物存放区域受到损害，管理人已经采取安全措施并尽到警示义务的，可以减轻或者不承担责任。

 

Article 76:If a person ente